The Life and Times of
Margaret Ingleton Cheyney

1460's

1462 Ivan the Great

Her husband, John Gyles Cheyney, born during 1466

Birth

Margaret Ingleton Cheyney born during 1467

1470's

8

Pork & beans introduced

1480's

20

Margaret Ingleton Cheyney married John Gyles Cheyney during 1487

1490's

23

Letter from Christopher Columbus to the King & Queen of Spain 1490

25

1492 Ferdinand & Isabella rule Spain and finance exploration of New World by Columbus

26

1493 Columbus transports sugar cane to the New World on the advice of Queen Isabela.

Pineapples introduced

27

Her daughter, Mary Gyles Cheney, born during 1494

28

Marmelade introduced

1500's

33

1500 Dutch establish a sugar refinery at Antwerp and ship sugar to Germany and England.

Pecans introduced

The Iroquois Constitution 1500

34

Swift development of book printing and typography.

42

1509 First attempts to restrict right to practice medicine to licensed doctors.

1509 Henry VIII becomes King of England

Michelangelo paints the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

1510's

48

1515 Spanish monks offer loans in gold to anyone who would start a sugar mill.

50

Martin Luther posts his 95 theses in Wittenberg

Sweet potatoes in Europe introduced

51

1518-1532 St Terese of Avila

52

1519 Ulrich Zwingli begins Reformation in Switzerland.

Charles I of Spain is chosen Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.

Hernando Cortes conquers Mexico for Spain.

Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sets out to circumnavigate the globe.

1520's

53

1520 Luther excommunicated by Pope Leo X.

Suleiman I (the Magnificent) becomes Sultan of Turkey in 1520, invades Hungary (1521), and Rhodes (1522)

54

Her child, Mary Gyles Cheney, married John Cheney during 1521

1521 Hernando Cortés conquered Mexico. While on reconnaissance in southeastern Mexico, his soldiers were the first Europeans to discover the delights of the Aztecan spice, vanilla. Among the people in Cortés' party was a free, black African, Juan Garrido. At his farm in Coyoacn, Garrido later would become the first European to plant wheat in Mexico.

Magellan reaches the Pacific and is killed by Philippine natives (1521). One of his ships under Juan Sebastin del Cano continues around the world, reaches Spain (1522).

55

1522-1523 Pope Adrian VI

Luther's German New Testament translation

56

1523 The Kalmar Union is disbanded when Gustavus Vasa becomes king of Sweden.

1523-1534 Pope Clement VII

57

1524 South German peasant uprising, repressed with Luther's support, begins 150 years of religious wars

1524 Verrazano, sailing under the French flag, explores the New England coast and New York Bay.

58

1525-1534 Tyndale's translation of the NT from Greek text of Erasmus (1466) compared against the Vulgate and the Pentateuch from the Hebrew (1525) compared to Vulgate and Luther's German version (1530), first printed edition, used as a vehicle by Tyndale for bitter attacks on the Church, reflects influence of Luther's NT of 1522 in rejecting "priest" for "elder", "church" for "congregation"

60

1527 The Diet of VŠsterŒs approves the Lutheran Reformation and the confiscation of ecclesiastical property.

1527 Troops of the Holy Roman Empire attack Rome, imprison Pope Clement VII ending the Italian Renaissance. Castiglione writes The Courtier. The Medici family expelled from Florence.

62

Suleiman I Sultan of Turkey attacks Austria (1529)

Vanilla in Europe introduced

1530's

63

1530 Augsburg Confession, Martin Luther founds the Lutheran Church

64

1531 A decree issued in Castile under the Spanish Crown allowed good terms for loans to allow purchase of slaves by settlers for establishment of sugar mills.

1531 Earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal kills 30,000

1531 Reported apparition of Mary at Guadalupe, Mexico, considered "worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church

65

1532 Francisco Pizarro conquered Peru.

Machiavelli's The Prince published posthumously.

Pizarro marches from Panama to Peru, kills the Inca chieftain, Atahualpa, of Peru (1533).

66

L1533 First non-medical insane asylums instituted.

67

1534 Henry VIII breaks England away from the Catholic church, confiscates monastic property, beginning of Episcopal Church

1534 Jesuit order founded by Lyola (1491-1556), helped reconvert large areas of Poland, Hungary, and S. Germany and sent missionaries to the New World, India, and China

1534-1550 Pope Paul III

68

1535 Jacques Cartier sails up the St. Lawrence River, basis of French claims to Canada.

1535-1537 Coverdale's Bible used Tyndale's (1525) translation along with Latin and German versions, included Apocrypha at the end of the OT (like Luther) as was done in later English versions, 1537 edition received royal license, but banned in 1546

Reformation begins as Henry VIII makes himself head of English Church after being excommunicated by Pope. Sir Thomas More executed as traitor for refusal to acknowledge king's religious authority.

Reformation begins when Henry VIII makes himself head of the Anglican Church so he can get a divorce

69

1536 Henry VIII executes second wife, Anne Boleyn.

1536 John Calvin establishes Reformed and Presbyterian form of Protestantism in Switzerland, writes Institutes of the Christian Religion. Danish and Norwegian Reformations. Michelangelo's Last Judgment.

1536 Tyndale put to death, left his OT translation in manuscript, English ecclesiaastical authorities ordered his Bible burned because it was thought to be part of Lutheran reform

1536-1541 Michelangelo paints the Last Judgement

70

1537-1551 Matthew Bible, by John Rogers (1500-1555), based on Tyndale and Coverdale received royal license but not authorized for use in public worship, numerous editions, 1551 edition contained offensive notes

72

1539-1552 Richard Taverner's (1505-1577) revisions of Matthew Bible, mostly NT revisions since he didn't know Hebrew, first edition most reliable

1539-1569 Great Bible, by Thomas Cromwell, first English Bible to be authorized for public use in English churches, defective in many places, based on last Tyndale's NT of 1534-1535, corrected by a Latin version of the Hebrew OT, Latin Bible of Erasmus, and Complutensian Polyglot, last edition 1569, never denounced by England

1540's

74

1541 John Knox leads Reformation in Scotland, establishes Presbyterian church there (1560).

Suleiman I Sultan of Turkey annexes Hungary (1541)

75

1542 Conocation makes an unsuccessful attempt to correct the Great Bible against the Vulgate

1542 Mary Queen of Scots

76

Her husband, John Gyles Cheyney, died on January 02, 1543

1543 Bishop Mikael Agricola produces the first Finnish-language book, a volume of Finnish grammar.

1543 Parliament bans Tyndale's translation as a "crafty, false and untrue transalation", although 80% of the words were in the RV

1543 Publication of "On the Revolution of Heavenly Bodies" by Polish scholar Nicolaus Copernicus-giving his theory that the earth revolves around the sun.

77

Tomatoes in Europe introduced

78

1545 Council of Trent to meet intermittently until 1563 to define Catholic dogma and doctrine, reiterate papal authority. This Catholic Reformation, or counter-reformation, met Protestant challenge, clearly defining an official theology

79

1546 King Henry VIII forbids anyone to have a copy of Tyndale's or Coverdale's NT

80

1547 Edward VI and Ivan the Terrible

1547 Ivan IV (the Terrible) crowned as czar of Russia, begins conquest of Astrakhan and Kazan (1552), battles nobles (boyars) for power (1564), kills his son (1580), dies, and is succeeded by his weak and feeble-minded son, Fyodor I.

1547-1553 Edward VI Ruler of England

82

1549 Book of Common Prayer (Episcopal Church)

1550's

83

1550-1555 Pope Julius III

St. Thomas More, Cranmer, and Foxe affirm the existence of English versions of portions of the Bible, including the Gospels (11th century), Mark, Luke, Epistles of Paul (14th century), Apocalypse (11th century)

84

Suleiman I Sultan of Turkey annexes Tripoli (1551)

86

1553 Mary Tudor

1553-1558 Queen Mary I ruler of England restores Roman Catholicism, publications of English Scriptures cease (except for Geneva NT of 1557), many clerics leave England

Pontifical Gregorian University founded at Vatican City

Roman Catholicism is reestablished as the English state religion by Queen Mary

Suleiman I Sultan of Turkey makes peace with Persia (1553)

88

1555 Pope Marcellus II

1555-1559 Pope Paul IV

89

1556 Akbar the Great becomes Mogul (emperor) of India.

1556 Beza's Latin NT

90

1557 Massive influenza epidemic in Europe.

91

1558 Queen Elizabeth I ascends the throne (rules to 1603). Restores Protestantism, establishes state Church of England (Anglicanism). Renaissance will reach height in England with Shakespeare, Marlowe, and Spenser.

1558 Queen Elizabeth I

1558 Tobacco first brought to Europe from Mexico.

Queen Elizabeth becomes monarch of England, reestablishes Anglicanism

92

1559-1566 Pope Pius IV

1560's

93

1560 Charles V of Spain builds vast palaces using taxes on sugar trade

1560 Geneva Bible, NT a revision of Matthew's version of Tyndale with use of Beza's NT (1556), OT a thorough revision of Great Bible, appointed to be read in Scotland (but not England), at least 140 editions

Scotch Presbyterian Church founded by John Knox (1505-1572), due to disagreement with Lutherans over sacraments and church government

Suleiman I Sultan of Turkey destroys Spanish fleet (1560)

94

1561 Persecution of Huguenots in France stopped by Edict of Orleans. French religious wars begin again with massacre of Huguenots at Vassy.

Massacre of French Protestants (Huguenots) at Vassy.

95

Margaret Ingleton Cheyney died on November 27, 1562

96

1563 39 Articles (Episcopal Church)

1563 General outbreak of plague in Europe. Kills 20,000 in London.

98

Settlement of area of Florida begun by 1565

99

1566-1572 Pope Pius V

Suleiman I Sultan of Turkey dies (1566).

100

1567 In South America, 2 million die from typhoid fever.

101

Her daughter, Mary Gyles Cheney, died during 1568

1568 - 1648 Eighty Years' War (war of Dutch independence)

1568 Disease epidemic in Lisbon kills 40,000.

1568 Protestant Netherlands revolts against Catholic Spain. Independence not acknowledged by Spain until 1648.

1570's

103

1570 Japan permits visits of foreign ships.

1570 Queen Elizabeth I excommunicated by Pope.

1570 Turks attack Cyprus and war on Venice. Turkish fleet defeated at Battle of Lepanto by Spanish and Italian fleets (1571). Peace of Constantinople (1572) ends Turkish attacks on Europe.

104

1571 Superior force of Turks intent upon conquering Christian Europe is beaten decisively by Christian sailors reportedly calling upon the name of Our Lady of the Rosary

105

1572 St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre thousands of Huguenots murdered. Amnesty granted in 1573. Persecution continues periodically until Edict of Nantes (1598) gives Huguenots religious freedom (until 1685).

1572-1585 Pope Gregory XIII

1572-1606 Bishop's Bible, an inadequate and unsatisfactory revision of the Great Bible checked against the Hebrew text, first to be published in England by episcopal authority

106

1573 First German sugar cane refinery at Augsburg.

111

1578 First recognized description of whooping cough (Pertussis) by French physician Guillame Baillou during epidemic in Paris.

1580's

113

1580 Francis Drake returns to England after circumnavigating the globe and knighted by Queen Elizabeth I (1581). Montaigne's Essays published.

114

1581 Akbar the Great, Mogul of India, conquers Afghanistan, continues wars of conquest (until 1605).

1582 Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian calendar

1582 Rheims NT, based on Coverdale, Bishops', Geneva, follows Wycliffe

1583 William of Orange rules the Netherlands. He was ssassinated on orders of Philip II of Spain (1584).

1585-1590 Pope Sixtus V

1586 Francis Drake, on landing at Roanoke, Virginia, heard tales of colonists who had survived on soup made from sassafras. He returned to England with what may have been the first shipment of this plant.